Thai Massage: History and Origin

21/9/2018

Image from kiyoraspa.com

Thai Massage has been practised for over 2,500 years and uses a blend of techniques to achieve a state of deep relaxation in the body, mind and spirit. It is a system developed in Thailand influenced by the traditional medicine systems of India, China, and Southeast Asia.... Despite the many foreign influences Thai massage is distinctly Thai and a unique part of Thailand’s cultural heritage

Thai Massage has been practised for over 2,500 years and uses a blend of techniques to achieve a state of deep relaxation in the body, mind and spirit. It is a system developed in Thailand influenced by the traditional medicine systems of India, China, and Southeast Asia.

It is usually called nuat phaen thai (นวดแผนไทย "Thai-style massage") or nuat phaen boran (นวดแผนโบราณ, "ancient-style massage"), though its formal name is nuat thai (นวดไทย, "Thai massage") according to the Traditional Thai Medical Professions Act

Traditional Thai massage uses no oils or lotions and the recipient remains clothed and lies on a mat or firm mattress on the floor. Rather than rubbing on muscles, the body is "compressed, pulled, stretched and rocked". The recipient will be positioned in a variety of yoga-like positions during the course of the massage, that is also combined with deep static and rhythmic pressures.

Most of the recorded history of Thai massage was lost in 1767 during the Burmese attack on Ayutthaya. The records that survived were inscribed in the Sala Moh Nuat, a massage pavillion in within the temple of Pra Chetuphon in Bangkok (known as Wat Po) the temple of the reclining Buddha.

Wat Pho

Temple of the Reclining Buddha

Jivaka Komarabhacca

Thai Massage and Thai Medicine are said to have been founded by the legendary Jivaka Komarabhacca, a physician from over 2500 years ago. He lived in the Magadha capital of Rajagaha during late 5th century BC in the time of King Bimbisara (and later Ajatashatru). He was trained and excelled in traditional Indian medicine (e.g. Ayurveda) and said to be a friend and personal physician of the Buddha.

Jivaka is actually a minor figure in Buddhist scripture, but his story appears in various forms in Sanskrit, Chinese, and Tibetan translations in other Buddhist traditions around Asia. In all versions, Jivaka converts to Buddhism and volunteers his time as a physician to the order. It is said that he even treated the Buddha himself for a problem of the doshas (Ayurvedic humors). Jivaka is believed by most Thai healers to be the inventor of many of the practices of Thai herbalism and massage. Before each massage session, the therapist will perform homage to Jivaka in a ceremony known as wai khru, or “honoring the teacher.”

Indian Influence
It is clear that Indian culture played a prominent role in the development of Thai massage which contains principles which are similar to the Vedic principles of life energy and life elements. Traditional Thai Medical texts frequently reference principles such as the doshas and the Four Elements (Earth, Water, Fire, and Air). The idea of the body being animated and mobilized by lom (which is usually translated as “energy,” but literally means 'air') is taken from the traditional Indian model of physiology.

At the time when the Thais were beginning to settle in present-day Thailand, they were exposed to the intellectual and spiritual traditions of India. Through this influence, Thais used Sanskrit to describe the spiritual names for the energy lines which are the basis of Thai massage. This energy line concept is "Sen Sib", although it should be noted that Indian massage does not contain Sen Sib or similar energy lines

Tablets at Wat Pho showing "Sen Sib" energy lines

Many of the positions in Thai massage have been described as yoga-like and it can be observed that yoga exerts a profound influence on Thai massage. Yoga (or Hatha Yoga) was established in the first half of the second millennium AD, primarily as a spiritual practice. A similar system exists in Thailand that is called luesii dat ton (“self-stretching exercises of the rishis” )which has many similar counterparts in Indian Yoga techniques. Several of the Thai energy lines, have clear parallels with the nadi channels from yoga, sometimes even sharing the same names.

Statues at Wat Pho depicting luesii dat ton poses. Image from www.balancedelementsmassage.com.au

Chinese Influence
Historians now tend to believe that the Tai race most probably originated in Guangxi Province in the People's Republic of China, and that they are ancestors of the Thais in Thailand. The migration of the Tai-speaking people from their homeland in Guangxi occured approximately around 800 AD. and first arrived in the region of present-day Thailand around 1000 A.D

It would be sensible to assume that the development and use of massage dates back to the period when the ancient Thais were in China. There are similarities in the hand positions used in both Thai and Chinese massage and the Sen Sib used in Thai massage, correspond to several Chinese meridian lines. However the traceability of this origin may be muddied by the the extensive contact and interaction of these two cultures over many centuries. Many Thai Massage schools today teach modified forms of foot reflexology, tuina abdominal massage, and other Chinese massage practices.

Native Thai Influence

While there have been many foreign inputs, Thai massage includes a wide variety of indigenous Thai healing arts from yam kaeng (walking on the back), bone-setting, and tok sen (tapping specific points with a mallet). Despite the many foreign influences Thai massage is distinctly Thai and a unique part of Thailand’s cultural heritage.